Exposure to 2,4-D also occurs via food, water, dust, dirt, and pet exposure in non-agricultural households. Non-occupational exposure studies have reported that farm families are not the only population at risk of 2,4-D exposure. Those who live near areas of heavy agricultural 2,4-D use often have increased exposure from dermal contact, inhalation of soil particles, and contact with people, clothing, or pets that have been exposed. Farm family members are typically exposed to pesticides via multiple routes, including food, drinking water, inhalation and dermal exposure following spray drift or movement of volatile compounds. AHS research has also reported that 41% of spouses and 62% of children of the agricultural workers had detectable levels of 2,4-D in their urine pre-application. In prior evaluations in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), 71% of 2,4-D applicators from Minnesota and South Carolina had 2,4-D in their urine prior to applying it to their crops, while 100% had it in their urine post-application. Ģ,4-D is rapidly absorbed via oral and inhalation routes. In 2012, 2,4-D was the most widely used herbicide in home and garden settings, roughly equal to glyphosate in use in the combined non-agricultural settings, and the fifth most heavily applied pesticide in the US agricultural sector. Roughly 600 US agricultural and residential use products contain 2,4-D as the active ingredient. Because increasing use is likely to increase population level exposures, the associations seen here between 2,4-D crop application and biomonitoring levels require focused biomonitoring and epidemiological evaluation to determine the extent to which rising use and exposures cause adverse health outcomes among vulnerable populations (particularly children and women of childbearing age) and highly exposed individuals (farmers, other herbicide applicators, and their families).Ģ,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most extensively used herbicides in the United States. ConclusionsĪgricultural use of 2,4-D has increased substantially from a low point in 2002 and it is predicted to increase further in the coming decade. Women of childbearing age (age 20–44 years) ( n = 2172) had 1.85 times higher odds than men of the same age. Children ages 6–11 years ( n = 2288) had 2.1 times higher odds of having high 2,4-D urinary concentrations compared to participants aged 20–59 years. The adjusted odds of high urinary 2,4-D concentrations associated with 2,4-D agricultural use (per ten million pounds applied) was 2.268 (95% CI: 1.709, 3.009). The frequency of participants with high 2,4-D levels increased significantly ( p < .0001), from a low of 17.1% in 2001–2002 to a high of 39.6% in 2011–2012. Of the 14,395 participants included in the study, 4681 (32.5%) had urine 2,4-D levels above the dichotomization threshold. Logistic regression models adjusted for confounders were fitted to evaluate the association between agricultural use of 2,4-D and urine 2,4-D level above the dichotomization threshold. Agricultural use of 2,4-D was estimated by compiling publicly available federal and private pesticide application data. Urine 2,4-D values were dichotomized using the highest limit of detection (LOD) across all cycles (0.40 μg/L or 0.4 ppb). Methodsĭata from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with available urine 2,4-D biomarker measurements from survey cycles between 20 were utilized. The objective of this study was to examine trends in 2,4-D urinary biomarker concentrations to determine whether increases in 2,4-D application in agriculture are associated with increases in biomonitoring levels of urine 2,4-D. In 2012, 2,4-D was the most widely used herbicide in non-agricultural settings and the fifth most heavily applied pesticide in the US agricultural sector. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most extensively used herbicides in the United States.
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